Espiritualidade aplicada à medicina / Spirituality applied to medicine / Espiritualidad aplicada a la medicina

Resumo Espiritualidade é a força que une os diferentes aspectos componentes do ser e, quando trabalhada, proporciona uma vivência harmônica e promove equilíbrio entre bem-estar físico, social e mental. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se abordar, secularmente, como a espiritualidade é vista na medicina, sua influência na saúde e a percepção de profissionais e pacientes acerca desse assunto. Para tanto, realizou-se revisão narrativa que priorizou buscas na plataforma PubMed por meio dos seguintes descritores: "medicine and spirituality and secularismo" e "placebo effect and spirituality and medicine". Em seguida foram analisadas fontes referenciadas pela leitura dos artigos primordiais. Percebeu-se que há confusão quanto ao uso do termo espiritualidade e que a capacidade e efetividade do cuidado espiritual prestado por profissionais da saúde são débeis, contrastando com inúmeros benefícios oferecidos por essa atenção, que é uma ferramenta para um trabalho mais ético e humano.

Abstract Spirituality is a uniting force between different constituents of the human being and, when exercised, provides a harmonious experience and promotes balance between physical, social, and mental well-being. As such, this narrative review proposes a secular approach to how spirituality is understood by medicine, its influence on health, and how it is perceived by professionals and patients. Bibliographic search was conducted on the PubMed database, using the following descriptors: "medicine and spirituality and secularism" and "placebo effect and spirituality and medicine." After reading the primary articles, the referenced sources were analyzed. Results show a confusion on how the term spirituality is used and a weak capacity and effectiveness with respect to the spiritual care provided by health personnel, thus ignoring the several benefits offered by such care, which is a tool for a more ethical and humane work.

Resumen La espiritualidad es la fuerza que une los diferentes componentes del ser y al estimularse proporciona una experiencia armoniosa, además de promover el equilibrio de bienestar físico, social y mental. Ante lo anterior, este texto tuvo por objetivo abordar cómo se ve secularmente la espiritualidad en la medicina, su influencia en la salud y la percepción de profesionales y pacientes sobre este tema. Para ello, se realizó una revisión narrativa en la base de datos PubMed utilizando los siguientes descriptores: "medicine and spirituality and secularismo" y "placebo effect and spirituality and medicine". Después, se analizaron las fuentes mediante la lectura de los artículos principales. Se encontró una confusión con relación al uso del término espiritualidad, y es deficiente la habilidad y eficacia del cuidado espiritual que brindan los profesionales de la salud, contrastando con los numerosos beneficios de este cuidado, una herramienta para un trabajo más ético y humanizado.

Efecto placebo en otorrinolaringología: revisión de la literatura / Placebo effect in otorhinolaryngology: a narrative review

Resumen La palabra placebo ha sido usada, indistintamente, para referir a una sustancia o procedimiento que es "inerte" ("placebo") y al efecto que ocurre como consecuencia de la administración de un placebo ("efecto placebo"). El efecto placebo es un fenómeno psicobiológico que ha sido explicado desde el conductismo (condicionamiento clásico), desde fenómenos preconscientes (expectativas o "efecto placebo clásico"), desde el cognitivismo (disonancia cognitiva) y también a nivel neurobiológico. No obstante, los ensayos clínicos abiertos que verifican la respuesta a placebo desafían el mecanismo de la expectativa, dando lugar al análisis bayesiano, que integra sensaciones, experiencias, predicciones y claves del contexto; biológicamente, el efecto placebo no es inerte. Por tanto, el placebo ocupa un lugar relevante en la práctica clínica y en la investigación biomédica. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática sobre placebo y otorrinolaringología en las bases de datos PubMed/Medline, SciELO y Cochrane Library. Se incluyeron estudios primarios y revisiones sistemáticas de la literatura. En cuanto a intervenciones placebo, la literatura publicada indica mejorías significativas en síntomas nasales y calidad de vida en rinitis alérgica (estacional y perenne) y disminución del dolor posoperatorio en amigdalectomía. En la enfermedad de Méniere, las intervenciones placebo son comparables a las de uso habitual, incluyendo las quirúrgicas. No se encontraron ensayos clínicos abiertos en otorrinolaringología ni evidencia sobre otras patologías del área. Las intervenciones y el efecto placebo abren un campo de investigación y desarrollo en otorrinolaringología que desafía la comprensión actual de las patologías, su funcionamiento, su tratamiento y la relación terapéutica.

Abstract The word placebo has been used interchangeably to refer to a substance or procedure that is "inert" ("placebo") and the effect that occurs as a consequence of its administration ("placebo effect"). The placebo effect corresponds to a psychobiological phenomenon that has been explained from behaviorism (classical conditioning), from preconscious phenomena (expectations or "classical placebo effect"), from cognitivism (cognitive dissonance) and at the neurobiological level as well. Nevertheless, some open-label trials that verify the response to placebo challenge the expectation mechanism, giving rise to Bayesian analysis, which integrates sensations, experiences, predictions and context clues; therefore, biologically, the placebo effect is not inert. The placebo has a relevant place both in clinical practice and in biomedical research. We conducted a systematic search on placebo and otolaryngology in PubMed/Medline, SciELO and Cochrane Library databases. We included primary studies and systematic reviews. Regarding placebo interventions, the available literature points out significant improvements in nasal symptoms and quality of life in allergic rhinitis (seasonal and perennial) and a decrease in post-tonsillectomy pain. In Méniére's disease, placebo interventions have demonstrated to be comparable to treatment-as-usual, including surgical interventions. No open-label clinical trials were found in otolaryngology, as well as no evidence on other diseases in the area. Placebo interventions and their effects open a field of research and development in otolaryngology, challenging the current understanding of pathologies, their functioning, their treatment and the therapeutic relationship.

El rol del placebo frente a los antidepresivos y aportes a la relación médico-paciente / Role of placebo versus antidepressants and contribution to the doctor-patient relationship

Resumen La literatura actual ofrece la posibilidad de aportar argumentos tanto a favor como en contra a la discusión sobre la eficacia de los medicamentos antidepresivos. Tanto la metodología, modelos de estudio y herramientas utilizadas para comparar la eficacia de los medicamentos plantean controversia. Este debate se agudiza al considerar la existencia del efecto placebo en resultados que promueven o cuestionan el uso de estos medicamentos. Entender los mecanismos de acción del placebo no solo permite una mejor comprensión de los resultados de la investigación con relación al uso de antidepresivos, sino que además respecto a la efectividad de los distintos tratamientos que hoy en día se utilizan en salud mental.

Current literature offers the possibility to contribute to the discussion about the effectiveness of antidepressants, with arguments both in favor and opposing it. Methodology, study models, and tools used to compare drug effectiveness, all raise controversy. This debate is intensified when involving the existence of placebo effect in results either promoting or questioning the use of these drugs. Understanding the mechanism of action of placebo not only allows for a better grasp of study results around antidepressant use but could also contribute to the effectiveness of distinct treatments used nowadays in mental health.

Personality disorder and functioning in major depressive disorder: a nested study within a randomized controlled trial

Objective: This study aimed to determine if personality disorder (PD) predicted functional outcomes in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods: Data (n=71) from a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled 12-week trial assessing the efficacy of 200 mg/day adjunctive minocycline for MDD were examined. PD was measured using the Standardized Assessment of Personality Abbreviated Scale. Outcome measures included Clinical Global Impression - Improvement (CGI-I), Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (Q-LES-Q), Social and Occupational Functioning Scale (SOFAS), and Range of Impaired Functioning (RIFT). Analysis of covariance was used to examine the impact of PD (dichotomized factor [≥ 3] or continuous measure) on the outcome measures-treatment group correlation. Results: PD was identified in 69% of the sample. After adjusting for age, sex, and baseline scores for each of the outcome measures, there was no significant difference between participants with and without PD on week 12 scores for any of the outcome measures (all p > 0.14). Conclusion: In this secondary analysis of a primary efficacy study, PD was a common comorbidity among those with MDD, but was not a significant predictor of functional outcomes. This study adds to the limited literature on PD in randomized controlled trials for MDD. Clinical trial registration: ACTRN12612000283875.

Efficacy and safety of paliperidone palmitate 3-month formulation in Latin American patients with schizophrenia: A subgroup analysis of data from two large phase 3 randomized, double-blind studies

Objective: To analyze the efficacy and safety of paliperidone palmitate 3-monthly (PP3M) in Latin American patients with schizophrenia vs. rest-of-world (ROW). Methods: We analyzed data from two multinational, double-blind (DB), randomized, controlled phase 3 studies including patients with schizophrenia (DSM-IV-TR) previously stabilized on PP1M/PP3M (open-label [OL] phase). Patients were randomized to PP3M or PP1M (noninferiority study A) and PP3M or placebo (study B) in DB phase. The subgroup analysis included Latin American (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico) patients. Primary efficacy endpoints were relapse-free rates (study A) and time-to-relapse (study B). Results: In study A, 63/71 (88.7%) and in study B 38/43 (88.4%) Latin American patients completed the DB phase. In study A, relapse-free percentage was similar in Latin America (PP3M: 97%, PP1M: 100%) and ROW (PP3M: 91%, PP1M: 89%). In study B, median time-to-relapse was not estimable in the Latin American subgroup for either placebo or PP3M groups, nor for the ROW PP3M group; the median time-to-relapse in the ROW placebo group was 395 days. Caregiver burden improved in patients switching from oral antipsychotics (OL baseline) to PP3M/PP1M in DB phase (Involvement Evaluation Questionnaire score mean ± SD change, -9.4±15.16; p < 0.001). Treatment emergent adverse events with PP3M during DB phase were similar in Latin America (study A: 24/34 [70.6%]; study B: 15/21 [71.4%]) and ROW (study A: 318/470 [67.7%]; study B: 84/139 [60.4%]) subgroups. Conclusion: PP3M was efficacious and showed no new safety concerns in patients with schizophrenia from Latin America, corroborating ROW findings. Clinical trial registration: NCT01515423, NCT01529515

Inter-Individual Responses to Citrulline Malate Oral Supplementation on Post-Exercise Hypotension in Hypertensives: A 24-Hour Analysis / Respostas Interindividuais à Suplementação Oral de Citrulina Malato na Hipotensão Pós-Exercício em Hipertensos: Uma Análise de 24 Horas

Abstract Background: Studies have persuasively demonstrated that citrulline has a key role in the arginine-nitric oxide system, increasing nitric oxide bioavailability, an important mediator of peripheral vasodilation. Objective: To analyze the inter-individual post-exercise hypotension responsiveness following acute citrulline supplementation in hypertensives. Methods: Forty hypertensives were randomly assigned to one of the four experimental groups (control-placebo, control-citrulline, exercise-placebo, and exercise-citrulline). They ingested placebo or citrulline malate [CM] (6 grams). During the exercise session, individuals performed 40 minutes of walking/running on a treadmill at 60-70% of HR reserve. For the control session, the individuals remained seated at rest for 40 minutes. Office blood pressure (BP) was taken every 10 minutes until completing 60 minutes after the experimental session. The ambulatory BP device was programmed to take the readings every 20 minutes (awake time) and every 30 minutes (sleep time) over the course of 24 hours of monitoring. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. Results: Unlike the other experimental groups, there were no "non-responders" in the exercise/citrulline (EC) for "awake" (systolic and diastolic BP) and "24 hours" (diastolic BP). The effect sizes were more consistent in the EC for systolic and diastolic ambulatorial BP response. The effects were "large" (> 0.8) for "awake", "asleep", and "24 hours" only in the EC for diastolic BP. Conclusion: CM supplementation can increase the post-exercise hypotensive effects in hypertensives. In addition, the prevalence of non-responders is lower when associated with aerobic exercise and CM supplementation.

Resumo Fundamento: Estudos demonstraram de maneira persuasiva que a citrulina tem um papel fundamental no sistema arginina-óxido nítrico, aumentando a biodisponibilidade do óxido nítrico, um importante mediador da vasodilatação periférica. Objetivo: Analisar a responsividade interindividual da hipotensão pós-exercício após suplementação aguda com citrulina em hipertensos. Métodos: Quarenta hipertensos foram aleatoriamente designados para um dos quatro grupos experimentais (controle-placebo, controle-citrulina, exercício-placebo e exercício-citrulina). Eles ingeriram placebo ou citrulina malato [CM] (6 gramas). Durante a sessão de exercício, os indivíduos realizaram 40 minutos de caminhada/corrida em esteira a 60-70% da FC de reserva. Para a sessão de controle, os indivíduos permaneceram sentados em repouso por 40 minutos. A medida da pressão arterial (PA) no consultório foi realizada a cada 10 minutos até completar 60 minutos após a sessão experimental. O dispositivo ambulatorial de PA foi programado para fazer as leituras a cada 20 minutos (tempo de vigília) e a cada 30 minutos (tempo de sono) ao longo de 24 horas de monitoramento. A significância estatística foi definida como p < 0,05. Resultados: Diferentemente de outros grupos experimentais, não houve "não respondedores" no exercício/citrulina (EC) para "acordado" (PA sistólica e diastólica) e "24 horas" (PA diastólica). Os tamanhos de efeito foram mais consistentes no EC para a resposta sistólica e diastólica da PA ambulatorial. Os efeitos foram "grandes" (> 0,8) para "acordado", "dormindo", e para "24 horas" apenas no EC para a PA diastólica. Conclusão: A suplementação com CM pode aumentar os efeitos hipotensivos pós-exercício em hipertensos. Além disso, a prevalência de "não respondedores" é menor quando associada ao exercício aeróbico e à suplementação com CM.

Migraine treatment: the doors for the future are open, but with caution and prudence / Tratamento da migrânea: as portas para o futuro estão abertas, mas com cuidado e parcimônia

ABSTRACT Migraine is a burdensome disorder. Current treatments are far from ideal. Recent knowledge has been indicating targets whose antagonism may improve efficacy. It is particularly true with the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and the monoclonal antibodies anti-CGRP can interfere with this pathway and decrease the frequency of migraine attacks. Erenumab, fremanezumab and galcanezumab have recently been approved and eptinezumab is likely to be, soon. Although efficacy figures were not spectacular, tolerability and potential higher adherence were noteworthy. However, caution must be exercised. The time frame after the studies was limited to three years and dose administration was restricted to three-monthly doses. The CGRP is present throughout the human body and migraine is a life-long disease, often requiring treatment for decades. It is not known whether this favorable profile can be maintained or will be safe in pregnant women or adolescents. In addition, there were deaths during the studies, which may have happened without a clear relationship. New treatments are welcome, but caution is warranted.

RESUMO A migrânea é incapacitante. Os tratamentos atuais apresentam resultados abaixo do desejado. O conhecimento atual indica alvos nos quais o bloqueio pode melhorar a eficácia do tratamento. Isso é mais claro com o peptídeo relacionado ao gene da calcitonina (CGRP) e anticorpos monoclonais contra este peptídeo ou seu receptor interferem com a fisiopatologia migranosa e reduzem a frequência da cefaleia. Erenumab, fremanezumab e galcanezumab já foram aprovados. Eptinezumab o será em breve. Embora a eficácia não tenho sido espetacular, a boa tolerabilidade e melhor adesão foram notáveis. No entanto, cautela deve ser empregada. Os estudos se limitaram a observar os pacientes por até três anos e com três doses mensais seguidas. Existe CGRP em todo o organismo e a migrânea é uma doença crônica, não raro requerendo tratamento por décadas. Não se sabe se a tolerabilidade favorável manter-se-á por anos ou em grávidas e adolescentes. Também houve mortes durante os estudos, mesmo sem ligação comprovada. Novos tratamentos são bem-vindos, mas cautela é necessária neste momento.

Assessing the adequacy of acupuncture in clinical trials: current status and suggestions / 中国针灸

In recent years, some large rigorous acupuncture randomized controlled trials (RCTs) frequently draw the conclusion that the therapeutic effects of acupuncture is equivalent to placebo effect, which has aroused wide attention and controversy. Thus, some studies attempted to assess the adequacy of acupuncture regimen in clinical trials. In this study, the concept of acupuncture regimen adequacy in clinical trials is clarified and the research status and limitations are summarized. Moreover, the suggestions in the future researches are proposed in association with clinical practice characteristics of acupuncture, i.e. classifying assessment according to different types of acupuncture; conducting the assessment according to the treatment characteristics of different types of acupuncture; assessing the maturity of acupuncture regimens; evaluating the rationality of the control group according to the purpose of the study; and focusing on domains evaluation.

Comparison of Vitex agnus-castus Extracts with Placebo in Reducing Menopausal Symptoms: A Randomized Double-Blind Study / 가정의학회지

BACKGROUND: Menopausal symptoms have remarkable negative effects on women's quality of life, justifying the need to assess various therapeutic options. This research aimed to determine the effectiveness of Vitex agnus-castus extracts in alleviating menopausal symptoms in comparison with that of placebo. METHODS: This study was a randomized controlled double-blind clinical trial with a study group of 52 women referred to a clinic in Kermanshah in 2017. The participants were randomly divided into two groups: Vitex group (26 subjects) and placebo group (26 subjects). Menopausal symptoms were assessed using the Greene Scale before and 8 weeks after the intervention. RESULTS: After the intervention, the mean scores for total menopausal disorder, anxiety, and vasomotor dysfunction were significantly lower in the Vitex group than in the placebo group (P0.05). CONCLUSION: Administration of Vitex agnus-castus extracts as a phytoestrogenic medicine can alleviate menopausal symptoms in women.

Inhaled Corticosteroids and Placebo Treatment Effects in Adult Patients With Cough: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

PURPOSE: Inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) are often considered an empirical therapy in the management of patients with cough. However, ICS responsiveness is difficult to interpret in daily clinical practice, as the improvements may include placebo effects or self-remission. We aimed to evaluate ICS and placebo treatment effects in adult patients with cough. METHODS: Electronic databases were searched for studies published until June 2018, without language restriction. Randomized controlled trials reporting the effects of ICSs compared with placebo in adult patients with cough were included. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted to estimate the treatment effects. Therapeutic gain was calculated by subtracting the percentage change from baseline in the cough score in the ICS treatment group from that in the placebo treatment group. RESULTS: A total of 9 studies were identified and 8 studies measuring cough severity outcomes were included for meta-analyses. Therapeutic gain from ICSs ranged from −5.0% to +94.6% across the studies included; however, it did not exceed +22%, except for an outlier reporting very high therapeutic gains (+45.6% to +94.6%, depending on outcomes). Overall ICS treatment effects in cough severity outcomes were small-to-moderate (standardized mean difference [SMD], −0.38; 95% confidence interval [CI], −0.54, −0.23), which were comparable between subacute and chronic coughs. However, pooled placebo treatment effects were very large in subacute cough (SMD, −2.58; 95% CI, −3.03, −2.1), and modest but significant in chronic cough (SMD, −0.46; 95% CI, −0.72, −0.21). CONCLUSIONS: Overall therapeutic gain from ICSs is small-to-moderate. However, placebo treatment effects of ICS are large in subacute cough, and modest but still significant in chronic cough. These findings indicate the need for careful interpretation of ICS responsiveness in the management of cough patients in the clinic, and also for rigorous patient selection to identify ICS-responders.

Medicina supresora y medicina estimulante: una mirada penetrante de la práctica médica / Suppressive medicine and stimulant medicine: a penetrating view in medical practice

Resumen: La teoría de la medicina supresora (MS) y la medicina estimulante (ME) destaca dos formas radicalmente distintas de entender la enfermedad y de enfrentarla. Para la MS es un objeto extraño o ajeno al organismo que hay que disminuir o destruir (suprimir); para la ME es un trastorno de la armonía interna que requiere fortalecer o avivar el organismo para restablecerla (estimular). En la medicina moderna, el poder de la industria de la salud favorece el predominio de la MS, por su alta rentabilidad, y la marginación de las medicinas alternativas (MA), poco rentables que, al igual que la vacunación o las terapias sustitutivas y regenerativas, son formas de ME. El efecto placebo (EP) inherente a la práctica médica, revelador de fuerzas curativas endógenas susceptibles de estimulación, da sentido a la ME y credibilidad a las MA. La dirección del EP de lo macro (psicosocial) a lo micro (físico-químico) explica su alta especificidad y ausencia de efectos secundarios. El efecto farmacológico de lo micro a lo macro, opuesto a las fuerzas endógenas, conlleva indefectiblemente efectos secundarios que requieren ulteriores supresiones y dosis repetidas indefinidamente. Se analizan equívocos de la ciencia con respecto al EP y al imponer a las MA criterios metódicos propios de la MS, que las desvirtúa, descalifica y excluye como objetos de conocimiento. Se insiste en la necesidad de reconocer la ME y rescatar las MA para la indagación, a fin de explorar sinergias, complementos o reemplazos con relación a la MS en la búsqueda del bien vivir.

Abstract: The theory of suppressive (SuM) and stimulant (StM) medicine highlights two radically different ways of understanding and coping with diseases. For SuM it is a strange or foreign object to the organism that must be diminished or destroyed (suppressed); for StM it is a disorder of internal harmony that requires strengthening or enlivening the body to re-establish it (stimulate). In modern medicine, the power in the health industry favors the predominance of SuM, because of its high profitability, and the marginalization of low-cost alternative medicines (AM) that, like vaccination or substitutive and regenerative therapies, are forms of StM. The placebo effect (PE) inherent to medical practice, revealing of endogenous curative forces susceptible to stimulation, gives meaning to StM and credibility to AM. The direction of the PE from the macro (psychosocial) to the micro (physical-chemical) explains its high specificity and absence of side effects. The pharmacological effect of the micro to the macro, opposed to the endogenous forces, inevitably entails side effects that require further suppression and indefinite repetition of doses. Scientific assertions that misunderstand PE, and impose on the AM methodical criteria of the SuM that detract, disqualify and exclude them as objects of knowledge, are analyzed. The emphasis is on the need to recognize the StM and rescue the AM for inquiry in order to explore synergies, complements or replacements in relation to the SuM, in the quest for to live well.

Patient blinding with blunt tip placebo acupuncture needles: comparison between 1 mm and 2 mm skin press / 中西医结合学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the influence of the depth of skin press in blunt tip placebo acupuncture needles on patient blinding and its relationship to needle diameter.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty healthy volunteers were enrolled as subjects for patient blinding. Four acupuncturists applied the following needles randomly at three points in each forearm: 0.18 mm and 0.25 mm diameter penetrating needles inserted to a depth of 5 mm, and 0.18 mm and 0.25 mm diameter skin-touch needles depressing the skin at the acupoint to a depth of 1 mm and 2 mm from the skin surface. The subjects reported their guesses at the nature of needles they received, and rated needle pain and de qi. A blinding index was calculated to define the success of blinding for subjects.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The blinding status of subjects for 1 mm press needles of 0.18 mm diameter was "random guess", but "unblinded" for 1 mm press needles of 0.25 mm diameter. For 2 mm press needles of both diameters, the blinding status was "opposite guess" and the blinding status for penetrating needles of both diameters was "unblinded." The percentages of "felt pain" with 2 mm press needles of both diameters were similar to that with penetrating needles, but those were not similar for 1 mm press needles. The frequency of de qi occurrence with 2 mm press needles of 0.18 mm diameter was similar to that of penetrating needles of both diameters.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Placebo needles of 2 mm press made more subjects guess that the needles penetrated the skin than 1 mm press needles. The use of small diameter needles increased patient blinding.</p>

Efficacy, acceptability, and tolerability of antidepressant treatments for patients with post-stroke depression: a network meta-analysis

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy, acceptability, and tolerability of antidepressants in treating post-stroke depression (PSD) by performing a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of the current literature. Eligible studies were retrieved from online databases, and relevant data were extracted. The primary outcome was efficacy as measured by the mean change in overall depressive symptoms. Secondary outcomes included discontinued treatment for any reason and specifically due to adverse events. Fourteen trials were eligible, which included 949 participants and 9 antidepressant treatments. Few significant differences were found for all outcomes. For the primary outcome, doxepin, paroxetine, and nortriptyline were significantly more effective than a placebo [standardized mean differences: −1.93 (95%CI=−3.56 to −0.29), −1.39 (95%CI=−2.59 to −0.21), and −1.25 (95%CI=−2.46 to −0.04), respectively]. Insufficient evidence exists to select a preferred antidepressant for treating patients with post-stroke depression, and our study provides little evidence that paroxetine may be the potential choice when starting treatment for PSD. Future studies with paroxetine and larger sample sizes, multiple medical centers, and sufficient intervention durations is needed for improving the current evidence.

Chlorhexidine for prevention of alveolar osteitis: a randomised clinical trial

Abstract Objective To determine the effectiveness of chlorhexidine 0.12% mouthwash (CHX) after tooth extraction for the prevention of alveolar osteitis (AO). Material and methods We conducted a double-blind randomised clinical trial stratified by risk factors. We enrolled a cohort of 822 patients who underwent dental extractions, and were considered to be at risk of developing AO (previous surgical site infection, traumatic extraction, and tobacco smoking). After extraction, patients were randomly allocated for CHX group or placebo group, matched by risk factors. The primary outcome was clinical diagnosis of AO: increasing postoperative pain for 4 d within and around the socket, and total or partial breakdown of the blood clot in the socket with or without bone exposure. Results Follow-up was completed by 744 participants (372 chlorhexidine and 372 placebo). We detected no significant differences between the two groups at baseline. After completed follow-up, risk factors were equally distributed between the two groups. Overall incidence of OA was 4.97%, in which 27 participants treated with placebo (7.26%) and 10 participants treated with CHX (2.69%) developed AO. CHX reduced the incidence of AO by 63% [Absolute Risk Reduction: 4.57 (95% CI 1.5-7.7), Number Needed to Treat: 21.88 (95% CI 13.0-69.3), Fisher's exact test: p=0.006]. No adverse effects were reported. Conclusion The use of chlorhexidine 0.12% mouthwash after tooth extraction is safe and effective in reducing the incidence of AO in high-risk patients.

Microbiological and clinical effects of probiotics and antibiotics on nonsurgical treatment of chronic periodontitis: a randomized placebo- controlled trial with 9-month follow-up

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this double-blind, placebo-controlled and parallel- arm randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus SP1-containing probiotic sachet and azithromycin tablets as an adjunct to nonsurgical therapy in clinical parameters and in presence and levels of Tannerella forsythia, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Material and Methods: Forty-seven systemically healthy volunteers with chronic periodontitis were recruited and monitored clinically and microbiologically at baseline for 3, 6 and 9 months after therapy. Subgingival plaque samples were collected from four periodontal sites with clinical attachment level ≥1 mm, probing pocket depth ≥4 mm and bleeding on probing, one site in each quadrant. Samples were cultivated and processed using the PCR technique. Patients received nonsurgical therapy including scaling and root planing (SRP) and were randomly assigned to a probiotic (n=16), antibiotic (n = 16) or placebo (n = 15) group. L. rhamnosus SP1 was taken once a day for 3 months. Azithromycin 500mg was taken once a day for 5 days. Results: All groups showed improvements in clinical and microbiological parameters at all time points evaluated. Probiotic and antibiotic groups showed greater reductions in cultivable microbiota compared with baseline. The placebo group showed greater reduction in number of subjects with P. gingivalis compared with baseline. However, there were no significant differences between groups. Conclusions: The adjunctive use of L. rhamnosus SP1 sachets and azithromycin during initial therapy resulted in similar clinical and microbiological improvements compared with the placebo group.

Influence of skin cold sensation threshold in the occurrence of dental sensitivity during dental bleaching: a placebo controlled clinical trial

Abstract Objective This study verified the occurrence of dental sensitivity in patients submitted to a 35% hydrogen peroxide based product (Whiteness HP Maxx 35% - FGM), skin cold sensation threshold (SCST) and its influence on dental sensitivity. Material and Methods Sixty volunteers were divided into 4 groups (n = 15), according to SCST (low: GI and GIII, and high: GII and IV) and bleaching treatment (hydrogen peroxide: GI and GII, and placebo: GIII and GIV). SCST was determined in the inner forearm for 6 different times using a neurosensory analyzer, the TSA II (Medoc Advanced Medical Systems, Ramat Yishai, Northern District, Israel). Dental sensitivity measurements were performed 10 different times using a thermal stimulus and an intraoral device attached to TSA II, positioned in the buccal surface of the upper right central incisor. Spontaneous dental sensitivity was also determined using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Data were submitted to Student's t-test and Pearson's Correlation Test (α=0.05). SCST remained the same during bleaching treatment. Results Distinct responses of dental sensitivity were found in patients with low and high SCST during the first and third bleaching session (p≤0.05). The teeth submitted to the bleaching treatment became more sensitive to cold than those treated with placebo. Moreover, data obtained with TSA and VAS presented moderate correlation. Conclusions Bleaching treatment increased dental sensitivity and skin cold sensation threshold might represent a determining factor in this occurrence, since low and high SCST patients had different responses to the thermal stimulus in the teeth.